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INTERLUBE'S EXCLUSIVE SURFACE IMPROVING
3rd GENERATION "EUTECTIC" TECHNOLOGY
Interlube International holds exclusive rights to Surface Improving
Eutectic additives. Interlube's Eutectic additive contained in Opti products work
to reduce friction, heat and wear associated with the severe demands placed on today's
power equipment, improving performance and extending engine life.
The following explains the fundamentals of lubrication along with
the three generations of oils. Opti oil's Surface Improving Eutectic additive is
explained as the third generation of oil.
FUNDAMENTALS OF LUBRICATION:
Although a lubricant must perform many functions, its most
important job is to protect working components by reducing friction. To
analyze this critical aspect of lubrication, lets take a look at what is being lubricated
and how different lubricants approach the task. All machined metal
surfaces have a surprising amount of surface
roughness (pictured right). The fundamental purpose of lubrication is to
separate metal surfaces. The microscopic peaks and valleys in all finished
components make surface separation more difficult. An oil layer with a thickness of at least
twice the height of the tallest peak must be maintained in order to
eliminate metal-to-metal contact. If complete surface separation is achieved, the resulting
condition is called hydrodynamic lubrication. Hydrodynamic lubrication
is not difficult to achieve provided a constant speed with no load is maintained. Unfortunately,
rarely does power equipment run at a constant speed with no load.
Under a loaded condition the surfaces can be forced together resulting in metal-to-metal contact,
and of course wear.
SURFACE IMPROVEMENT:
To assist in the formation and maintenance of hydrodynamic conditions, additives are used
in lubricant formulation to smooth out surface roughness. All current oil
formulations include some method of accelerating surface improvement. Separating oils by
their built-in surface improvement process yields 3 oil classifications or
"generations" as they are commonly called.
1st Generation
CONVENTIONAL LUBRICANTS:
These lubricants utilize an abrasive wear concept that allows for surface clashing and
smoothening through a sacrificial process of removing surface material. In
many conventional lubricant applications, E.P. (extreme pressure) additives are used to
promote the abrasion process through chemical reaction. These conventional
oils have been in wide use since the 1920's. Conventional oils with EP-additives form
metallic salt layers at the mating surfaces through
chemical reaction, which prevent seizing of the surfaces. The built-up film is constantly
renewed, but causes continuous wear. The
surfaces slowly etch away at each other until a smoother, yet somewhat crude surface results.
This is a sacrificial process that results in small metal particles
being removed from the component and can contaminate the oil film.
2ND Generation
SURFACE IMPROVEMENT THROUGH SOLID ADDITIVE BUILD-UP:
In the late 1940's solid additives were first introduced to many specialty oil applications.
These solid additives such as
graphite, molybdenum (pictured left), silicone, Teflon, etc., work under the concept of coating
the contact surfaces to protect against
surface clashing. Lubricants containing solid particles
 form under pressure a protective layer
with a low friction value. In
this case material is not removed, rather deposited. Solid additives are deposited in the valleys
to create a smoother surface. They are
designed to protect against metal contact by coming between two peaks at the moment of contact.
The peak will deform, rather than weld and break. The solid
additive flake will shear allowing the two deformed peaks to pass by each other with limited damage.
Solid additives provide smoother surface area through a less sacrificial
process. However, particle size and concentration makes it statistically impossible for an additive
flake to be present each time two peaks come together. Some abrasive wear does occur.
3rd Generation
SURFACE IMPROVEMENT THROUGH METAL RESTRUCTURING
(All OPTI OILS ARE 3rd GENERATION OIL TECHNOLOGY):
In the 1970's a 3rd generation of oil technology was developed and further enhanced in the
late 1980's. This
technology utilizes a eutectic reaction that restructures contact points without removing or
adding material. When metal to metal contact occurs, extremely high but localized
 temperatures cause a
reaction between the
additives and
the mother material. Although highlighted here, these
localized temperatures occur with all oil technologies, but only eutectic additives utilize
these conditions to restructure the metal surface. The metal peaks become soft and are deformed
by the pressure. Repeated
deformation restructures the surfaces to their optimum smoothness until no peaks are clashing.
Additives them become dormant from lack of
the localized high temperatures, returning the metal to its original density.
Comparison of surface improvement results:
Photographic enlargements quickly illustrate the results of the three generations of lubricants.
These photos show magnified views of contact surfaces before and after break-in. Each was using
the specified lubricant, all running under identical load, ambient temperature, time period,
speed, etc.
This picture shows a newly finished metal surface prior to break-in. To the naked eye, this
surface would appear like glass, however, through magnification we can see it is actually
covered with microscopic peaks and valleys.
Conventional Lubrication:
This picture shows a cylinder surface after break-in with 1st generation lubricant. The first
oils simply formed a liquid cushion between moving parts and allowed microscopic surface
roughness to slowly smooth through abrasion. Later, chemicals were added which formed metallic
salt layers on the sliding surfaces to slowly wear away surface irregularities.
Solid Lubrication:
This picture shows a cylinder surface after break-in with solid lubricant. The second generation
oil development was a lubricating medium containing graphite, molybdenum, Teflon or other solid
additives that formed a protective layer under pressure and filled in microscopic pits and
valleys to form a smooth sliding surface. Instead of wearing away metal, they built up on the
metal surface.
Performance Activated Lubrication- Opti-2/Opti-4:
This process involves neither abrasion nor build-up. It produces an action that causes the
metal surfaces to restructure. The metal deforms and rapidly produces super-smooth, hardened,
sliding surfaces. The harder the engine is run, the more effective the lubricant becomes. |
